The overwhelming majority of Americans think the country's immigration policies need to be seriously overhauled. And despite protests against Arizona's stringent new immigration enforcement law, a majority of Americans support it, even though they say it may lead to racial profiling.
These are the findings of the latest New York Times/CBS News poll.
With the signing of the Arizona law on April 23 and reports of renewed efforts in Washington to rethink immigration, there has been an uptick in the number of Americans who describe illegal immigration as a serious problem.
But the poll - conducted April 28 through May 2 with 1,079 adults, and with a margin of sampling error of plus or minus three percentage points - suggests that Americans remain deeply divided about what to do.
The public broadly agrees, across party lines, that the United States could be doing more along its border to keep illegal immigrants out. The view was shared by 78 percent of the respondents.
That unity, however, fractures on the question of what to do with illegal immigrants who are already here and the role of states in enforcing immigration law, normally a federal responsibility.
A majority of the people polled, 57 percent, said the federal government should determine the laws addressing illegal immigration. But 51 percent said the Arizona law was "about right" in its approach to the problem. Thirty-six percent said it went too far and 9 percent said it did not go far enough.
The law has recharged the national debate over securing the border and what to do about the estimated 12 million illegal immigrants already in the country.
The Arizona law gives local police officers broad power to detain people they suspect are in the country illegally and check their legal status. Lawsuits have already been filed on several grounds, including the argument that it will lead to the racial profiling of legal residents and that the state has unconstitutionally intruded on federal authority.
Under a torrent of criticism, the Arizona Legislature and Gov. Jan Brewer made changes to the law on Friday that they say explicitly ban the police from racial profiling and allow officers to inquire about immigration status only of people they stop, detain or arrest in enforcing existing state law. But the new immigration law also now includes civil violations of municipal codes as grounds to check papers, and opponents were not mollified by the changes.
In follow-up interviews, poll respondents who embraced the thrust of the Arizona law still called for a national solution.
"The Arizona law is fine, but the federal government has to step in and come up with something - and they're not doing it," said Pat Turkos, 64, a library worker and Republican from Baltimore.
She said: "I don't think they should be stopped just walking down the street, only if they're stopped for speeding, for example. I believe everybody has the right to come here, but I think they have to be made legal citizens."
Although the respondents broadly agreed that the Arizona law would result in racial profiling, overburden local and state law enforcement agencies and decrease the willingness of illegal immigrants to report crimes for fear of deportation, large majorities said it would reduce the number of illegal immigrants in the state, deter illegal border crossings and, to a lesser extent, reduce crime.
Some attitudes about immigration have remained stable among the public. Most still say illegal immigrants weaken the nation's economy rather than strengthen it, and public opinion remains divided over how the United States should handle illegal immigrants currently in the country.
But American attitudes toward the law and whether illegal immigrants already here should have a path to citizenship differed markedly across regions and parties. Westerners and Northeasterners, for example, are significantly more likely than those in other regions to say the recent law in Arizona goes too far. And Democrats are much more likely than Republicans or independents to support a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants now in the country.
Just 8 percent of Americans said the immigration system needed only minor changes. The vast majority said it needed reworking, including 44 percent who said it needed to be completely rebuilt and 45 percent who said it needed fundamental changes.
Three quarters said that, over all, illegal immigrants were a drain on the economy because they did not all pay taxes but used public services like hospitals and schools. Nearly 2 in 10 said the immigrants strengthened the economy by providing low-cost labor and buying goods and services, a chief argument among many of their advocates.
"I do think the federal government should deal with it, because illegal immigrants don't pay taxes and don't contribute to our government," said Deborah Adams, 53, a Democrat from Ephrata, Pa., and a paramedic who called the Arizona law a "necessary evil."
"They take jobs from American citizens who need to work and pay into Social Security," Ms. Adams said.
In fact, many illegal immigrants do pay taxes into the Social Security system, but never see a return on their contributions.
At immigration rallies in several cities on Saturday, demonstrators pressed the case for overhauling immigration law.
So far no bill has been introduced in Congress. President Obama, while supportive of the idea of immigration reform, has questioned whether lawmakers have the appetite for a divisive battle over it after a year of other political fights and in the middle of a campaign.
A delegation of Arizonans opposed to the law, including Mayor Phil Gordon of Phoenix, plans to meet with Justice Department officials on Tuesday to urge them to step into the brewing legal battle over the law.
On Monday, one of the law's staunchest advocates, Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County in the Phoenix area, announced that after toying with the idea, he would not run for governor.
